英语 - 老漂

2008年7月3日

武林外传搞笑语录英汉对照

        各回各家，各找各妈

　　Go back home, and find your mom.

　　老虎不发威，你当我是HELLO KITTY

　　Tiger doesn't get angry, you think it's HELLO KITTY

　　额服了you,额尊敬you,额的内心崇拜you

　　I admire you, I respect you, I really adore you.

　　我看好你哟~

　　I really think you're nice~~~~

　　饿错了,呃真滴错咧，饿从一开始就错列~当初饿就不该嫁过来,如果不嫁过来饿的夫君就不会死,饿的夫君不会死,饿就不会沦落到这么一个伤心的地方

　　I'm wrong, I'm really wrong, I'm wrong from the beginning. I shouldn't married here, if I didn't marry here my husband will never die. If my husband didn't die, I'll never in this heartrending place now.

　　姓嘛？叫嘛？打哪来？往哪去？家里几口人？人均几亩地？地里几头牛？说说说。。。

　　What's you name? What's you first name? Where are you from? Where are you going? How many people are there in you house? How many units of cropland per person has? How many cattles in the cropland? Answer! Answer it!

　　额滴神啊！

　　Oh my god!(OMG)

　　亲娘哎！

　　Oh my mom!

　　排山倒海

　　Remove Mountains

　　葵花点穴手

　　Sunflower point points hand (注明：第一个point是点到、指到的意思、第二个 points 是穴位的意思)

　　子曾经曰过

　　A sage said that... 或者是 Confucius said that...

放着我来

　　Wait! I'll do it!

　　嫂子~~~~~~~~~

　　Elder brother's wife~~~~~~~~~~

　　帮我照顾好我七舅姥爷和他的三外甥女

　　Help me to take care of my seventh uncle and his third niece

　　我祝你们白头偕老，断子绝孙

　　I bless you that live to old age in conjugal bliss and die without sons

　　世界如此美妙我却如此暴躁这样不好，不好

　　The wrold is that sweetness, but I'm this testiness, it's not good, not good

　　放心！这事全包我身上了

　　Take it easy, I'll do all the things

　　确定一定以及肯定

　　I confirm, ensure and make certain that

　　否决否认以及否定

　　I deny, disaffirm and disavow that

　　嘘！嘘！嘘！低调！低调！都低调！

　　Sh! Sh! Shhh! Be low-pitched, be low-pitched. All be low-pitched

　　我最后一次警告你啊请使用人类的语言和我交谈

　　This is the last warning! Please speak humans language to me!

　　你杂这样子嘛!什么时候睡觉不好,非得晚上睡啊

　　Why did you do this? How come you must sleep in the night?

　　我上头有人

　　There have people above me

　　你无情无耻无理取闹

　　You are unkind, cheeky and out of all reason

　　我的神啊上帝啊以及老天爷啊

　　Oh my god, lord and providence!

　　我就象一只爬在玻璃上苍蝇，前途一片光明，就是找不到出路

　　I'm like the fly which is climbing on the glass, the sunshine is in front of me, but i just cannot find out the outlet

　　一山不能容二虎,除非一公和一母

　　There won't have two tigers inone place, unless they're male and female.

2008年7月3日

毕业英文赠言：临别时道声朋友珍重

1. Time is flying away, and years are passing by. Only our friendship is always in my heart. Farewell, my friend! Take care, my friend!

　　流水匆匆，岁月匆匆，唯有友情永存心中。朋友，再见！朋友，珍重！

　　2. Oh, my friend, do you like stars? If you feel lonely far away from home, look up at the stars in the sky, where there is a star for luck that I've send you.

　　朋友，你喜欢星空吗？如果有一天你在远方流浪时感到孤独、忧郁，请抬头看看星空，那儿有我送给你的幸运星。

　　3. Life is a profound book. Other's notes cannot replace your own understanding. May you find and create something new in it.

　　生活是一本精深的书，别人的注释代替不了自己的理解。愿你有所发现，有所创造。

　　4. Don’t be disappointed on the journey of life. There are friends in the world. Seize your chance and value your opportunities. May our friendship be everlasting?

　　人生路上何须惆怅，天涯海角总有知音。把握机会珍惜缘分，祝愿我们友谊长存。

　　5. Time does not water down the wine of friendship; distance does not separate our hands of longing. Wishing you happiness forever!

　　时间冲不淡友情的酒，距离拉不开思念的手，祝福你，永远永远！

　　6. I have three wishes: May our friendship warm our hearts! May joy be always with you and me! May we often meet each other!

我有三愿：一愿友情温暖我们心田，二愿欢乐永驻你我心间，

三愿我们常常相见！

　　7. Thinking of each other is just like a thread connecting both you on the one end and me on the other end.

　　思念是一条细长的线，一端系着你，一端系着我，时刻连接着两颗跳动不息的心。

　　8. If I should meet thee, after long years, How should I greet thee? With silence and tears.

　—(Britain) George Gordon Byron

多年离别后，抑或再相逢，相逢何所语？泪流默无声。

———〔英〕拜伦

　　9. If life cheats you, don't be disappointed and worried. Calmness is needed in melancholy days. Believe that pleasantness is coming. Long for the bright future though you are unhappy. All will pass by and everything will be over. Past things will be pleasant memories. — (Russia) Alexander Pushkin

　　假如生活欺骗了你，不要悲伤，不要心急。阴郁的日子需要镇静。相信吧，那愉快的日子即将来临。心永远憧憬着未来，尽管你现在常常是阴沉的。一切都是瞬息，一切都会过去，而过去了的，将会变成亲切的怀念。 ———〔俄〕普希金

2008年7月1日

英语语法中 S=NP+VP是什么的缩写具体是什么意思呢~

S→NP+VP来表示一个句子,句子(sentence)由一个名词词组 (noun phrase)加上一个动词词组(verb phrase)构成。这种精确的、形式化的语法称为生成语法。

2008年6月27日

icon index symbol

皮尔斯在他的符号三分法中，把符号分为图像符号（icon）、指索符号（index）和象征符号（symbol）三大类。图像符号的表征方式是符号形体与它所表征的符号对象之间的肖似性。这就是说，图像符号的符形是用肖似的方式来表征对象的。指索符号的表征方式，是符号形体与被表征的符号对象之间存在着一种直接的因果或临近性的联系，使符号形体能够指示或索引符号对象的存在。由于指索符号的这一特征，使得它的符号对象总是一个确定与时空相关联的实物或事件。象征符号的符号形体与符号对象之间没有肖似性或因果相承的关系，它们的表征方式仅仅建立在社会约定的基础之上，是基于传统原因而代表某一事物的符号。不同民族可以有各自不同的约定，从而形成不同的语言符号系统，与之相关的文字、手语、旗语、鼓语等也都属于象征符号[2]（p.73）。任何能指--物体，声音，颜色，音响等--都可以具有象征意义。用食指和中指做成"V"字型可以象征性地代表"胜利"的概念，白色可以代表"纯洁"和"清白"等等。有一件值得注意的事情是，象征意义都是由社会习惯建立起来的，因而不能直接推断出来。例如，在西方文化中，白色象征纯洁、清白；黑色象征邪恶、污浊；红色象征血、情感、性、丰饶、愤怒、淫荡等等[3](p.38)。本文拟通过对符号的衍义性意指的分析，探讨象征符号的深层含义及其在不同的文化背景下的跨文化差异。

2008年6月27日

Opposites (Antonymy)

In traditional terminology, antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning. It is useful, however, to identify several different types of relationship under a more general label of opposition. There are a number of relations which seem to involve words which are at the same time related in meaning yet incompatible or contrasting; we list some of them below.

Simple antonyms  This is a relation between words such that the positive of one implies the negative of the other. The pairs are also sometimes called complementary pairs or binary pairs. In effect, the words form a two-term classification. Examples would include:

3.34              dead/alive (of e.g. animals)

2008年6月27日

What is a semantic field?

The basic assumption underlying the theory of  semantic field is that words do not exist in isolation: rather, they form different semantic fields, such as an ‘animal’ field which contains all kinds of words that denote animals, or a ‘cooking’ field which includes various words related to cooking, and so on. Words that belong to the same semantic class are in the same semantic field. Let us look at some more examples of semantic fields:

(1)   vehicle:       car, lorry, truck, coach, van, motor-scooter.

(2)   building:     factory, hospital, house, church

(3)   vegetable:   spinach, cauliflower, cabbage, pepper, onion, tomato, cucumber

(4)   walk:          amble, stroll, saunter, wander, stride, strut, pace, parade, tramp, ramble

2008年6月16日

2008年6月四级英语考试巅峰阅读培训(第四讲)

④ 事物的性质特征或比较关系

　　解题技巧：如果题干要求确定某个事物的性质、程度、范围或比较关系，那么就可以借助题干中的形容词、副词或其比较级、最高级等比较词来定位题目出处。然后对比原文与题干的陈述，最终确定题干是否正确。

⑤ 题干中不同于其他题的新信息

　　解题技巧：每道题的题干中都含有与其他题不同的新信息。这些表示新信息的名词或动词、甚至是特殊的标点符号也可以成为线索词。

　　….The numbers associated with identity theft are beginning to add up fast these days. A recent General Accounting Office report estimates that as many as 750,000 Americans are victims of identity theft every. And that number may be slow, as many people choose not to report the crime even if they know they have been victimized.

　　….According to the FBI,identity theft is the number one fraud committed on the Internet. So how do job seekers protect themselves while continuing to circulate their resumes online? The key to a successful online job search is learning to manage the risks. Here are some tips for staying while conducting a job search on the Internet. …

　　Q: Identity theft is a minor offence and its harm has been somewhat overestimated.

　　…The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation’s economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation: more than 75 percent of the nation’s freight deliveries arrive by stuck; and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle. Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes,it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels,restaurants, and shopping centers. It has allowed the relocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban areas to rural..

　　Q:Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than__________.

　　Establish an email address for your search

　　….Using an email address specifically for your job serch also eliminates the possibility that you well receive unwelcome emails in your primary mailbox. When naming your new email address, be sure that it doesn’t contain references to your name or other information that will give away your identity. The best solution is an email address that is relevant to the job you are seeking such as Salesmgr2004@provider.com...

　　Q:Using a special email address in the job search can help prevent you from receiving ______

　　【解析】原文对“身份盗用”这种犯罪行为的描述是：案发率快速增长;许多人还没有报案;FBI认定其在网上犯罪形式中发案率最高(the number on fraud)。所以题干说“身份盗用”这种犯罪行为是一种小的冒犯行为，危害被低估都与原文的描述相反。题干表述错误，选N

　　【解析】本题的主题是卡车。因此其可作为线索词。定位在本段第一句话。答案是 75 percent of the nation’s freight.

　　【解析】receive缺少宾语，填名词。再根据线索词using a special email address定位原文信息。题干中的can help prevent you from receiving和原文中的eliminates the possibility that you will receive是同义表达，因此unwelcome emails为答案。

2008年6月16日

2008年6月四级英语考试巅峰阅读培训(第三讲)

文章分类--社会：生活百态。830词。

　　OGAMA,Japan,this mountain village on the West Coast, withere(枯萎) to eight aging residents, concluded recently that it could no longer go on. So, after months of anguish, the villagers settled on a drastic solution;:selling all of Ogama to an industrial waste company from Tokyo, which will trun it into a landfill.

　　With the proceeds, the villagers plan to pack up everything, including their family graves, and move in the next few years to yet uncertain destinations, most likely becoming the first community in Japan to cease to exist voluntarily.

　　“I’m sure we’re the first ones to have made such a proposal,”, said Kazuo Miyasaka,64,thevillage leader.”It’s because there’s no future for us here, zero.”

　　On a hill overlooking a field of overgrown bushes, surrounded by the sounds of a running stream and a bush warbler (鸣鸟), Miyasaka pointed below with his right index finger. “I never imagined it would come to this,”he said. “I mean,those all used to be rice fields.”

　　Ogama’s decision, though extreme, points to a larger problem beetting Japan,which has one of the world’s fastest-graying societies and whose population began declinlng last year for the first time. As rural Japan becomes increasingly depopulated, many villages and hamlets (小村) like Ogama, along with their traditions and histories, risk vanishing.

　　Japan is dotted with so many such communities that academics have coined a term ----“villages that have reached their limits”--- to describe those with populations that are more than half elderly. Out of 140 villages in Monzen, the municipality that includes Ogama, 40 percent have fewer than 10 households, inhabited mostly by ghe elderly.

　　Rural Japan has never recovered from its long recession, unlike urban areas. Many of its commercial main streets have been reduced to what the Japanese call “shuttered streets,” and few rural areas have found economic alternatives to the huge public works projects that the long-governing Liberal Democratic Party kept doling out.

　　During his five years in office, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi has reduced public works spending that yielded money and jobs to local construction companies.

　　Koizumi cut subsidies and tax redistribution to local governments, instead giving them the power to collect taxes directly But rural officials argue that with a decreasing population and few businesses, there are few taxes to collect.

　　In keeping with a nationwide movement to combine financially squeezed municipalities, Monzen merged with nearby Wajima City in February. In 2000, revenue from the national government to the two municipalities totaled $ 114 million, accounting for 50 percent of their overall revenue; in 2005, money from the capital fell to $ 90 million, or 44 percent of revenue.

　　Fumiaki Kaji, mayor of the merged municipality, said recent changes amounted to a “ simple logic of telling the countryside that it should die.”

　　Ogama lies in a valley in a mountain facing the sea, reached by a single-lane road that winds its way through a deep green forest where foxes and raccoon dogs are spotted regularly. The road ends here.

　　Bunzo Mizushiri, 81 ,a historian in Wajima, said Ogama (whose name means “Big Pot”) was the place where monks cleansed themselves before going up Takatusme, a sacred mountain.

　　After World War Ⅱ ，there were about 30 households here, each with eight or nine people. Today , three couples live in one corner of the village, and two women live alone in another corner. A small hill rises in the center, atop which stands a Shinto(日本的神道教) shrine whose gate was partly felled by an earthquake years ago.

　　Small streams flow from the surrounding mountains, keeping the ground here moist and covered with patches of moss. The expanding forest has begun reclaiming once cultivated land, hiding the ruins of abandoned housed, and blocking the sunlight.

　　“Our house is still standing, thankfully,” said Harue Miyasaka,the village leader’s wife and,at 61, Ogama’s youngest inhabitant. “But when you look at the houses collapsing one after another, you understand what’s ahead for your own house.”

　　“We’re at a dead-end here,” she said in front of her house, where the single-lane road reached its end. “Our children haven’t come back, so there’s no further growth. We’ll just keep getting older.”

　　Her husband first proposed the idea. After retiring as a seaman two decades ago and setting up a roof-waterproofing business, Kazuo Miyasaka said he foresaw Ogama’s shrinking future. So about 15 years ago, he began pursuing several possibilities, including turning the area into a golf course. None of the ideas went anywhere until he approached Takeei,. a Tokyo industrial waste company, a couple of years ago. Takeei was interested.

　　Miyasaka summoned the entire village — he became its permanent chief three years ago after Ogama’s two other men could no longer take turns as leader because of poor health — and told his neighbors about the offer.

　　“If young people came back, these villages could go on,” Kenichi Taniguchi,76, said. “But that’s not happening. They’re all dying out.”

　　1. No community in Japan choose to stop existence in their living place before Ogama.

　　2. With the decrease of rural population in Japan, many villages and their cultures are likely to disappear.

　　3. Both the rural areas and urban areas in Japan haven’t recovered from the long recession.

　　4. Rural officials say they can collect few taxes because of the backward economic development.

　　5. Many municipalities combined to solve the financial problem and it worked.

　　6. According to Bunzo Mizushiri, there is no monk who cleanses himself before climbing Takatsume now.

　　7. The forest expands to the area where used to be cultivated land and the ruins of abandoned houses in Ogama.

　　8. Harue Miyasaka Knew that her house would also ________.

　　9. Miyasaka proposed to build _______ in Ogama, which attracted Takeei’s interst.

　　10.Only if ________, can the villages that have reached their limits survive, according to Kenichi Taniguchi.

解题思路：

　 1【线索】No community in Japan

　　【定位】第2段

　　【解析】题干中的choose to stop existence与原文cease to exist voluntarily属于同意表达。题干表述正确，选Y。

　　2【线索】decrease of rural population

　　【定位】第五段最后一句

　　【解析】原文depopulated,rising vanishing与题目decrease,gradually disappear属于同义表达，题干是原文的同意转述。选Y

　　3【线索】recovered from the long recession

　　【定位】第7段第一句

　　【解析】原文说日本农村一直没有从大萧条中复苏，这与城市不同。可知城市摆脱了萧条。题干与原文不符。选N

　　4【线索】Rural officials

　　【定位】第9段第2句

　　【解析】原文体积农村地区的官员分析的税收微薄的原因：由于农村人口的不断减少，再加上没有多少企业。题干所说的原因“经济发展落后”与原文不符，选N

　　5【线索】municipalities combined

　　【定位】第十段

　　【解析】本段提到了许多政府由于财力拮据，开始合并。但合并后，政府拨付的财税收入同时也在减少。所以题干说合并“起作用了”是不对的。选N

　　6【线索】Bunzo Mizushiri

　　【定位】第13段

　　【解析】NG题无中生有。原文讲述的是81岁历史学家Bunzo Mizushiri介绍的大釜村历史。但是原文没有提现在的情况，因此本题选NG。

　　7【线索】cultivated land and the ruins of abandoned houses

　　【定位】第15段

　　【解析】原文说日益扩张的森林开始吞噬原先开垦过的土地，覆盖了被遗弃的房屋，遮住了阳光，题干是原文的同意转述，选Y。

　　8【线索】Harue Miyasaka

　　【定位】倒数第5段

　　【解析】本段将到宫坂春惠对自己房子的未来的猜想：“周围的房子都在倒塌，你就知道你自己的房子将来会怎么样了”所以答案是:collapse

　　9【线索】Miyasaka

　　【定位】倒数第3段

　　【解析】原文提到Miyasaka提出很多建议。最后只有TAKEEI，一家工业废品处理公司感兴趣。也就是第一段中提到的那家公司。所以宫坂的建议应该是垃圾填埋场。答案是a landfill

　　10【线索】Kenichi Taniguchi

　　【定位】最后一句

　　【解析】题干中的survive与原文could go on属于转述表达。注意句中的虚拟语气，答案是：young people come back.

2008年6月16日

2008年大学英语新四级考试阅读培训讲义(七)

一、翻译

　　(一)内容分析

　　1、既考重点语法又考核心词汇

　　(1)3个语法点，2个核心词

　　(2)考点明确，强调应用

　　2、翻译短语非句子

　　(1)一般3-6个单词

　　(二)答题方法：一句话：明确考点，灵活应对

　　明确考点：翻译的每个题都有明确的考查要点，或者是单词，或者是语法，抓住这一点是答题的关键。

　　灵活应对：抓住考点后，对于其他内容要学会灵活应对，一定不是字面的直接翻译，而是要斟酌措辞，只要表达出了内容，就是正确答案，最后不要忘记检查一下拼写、语法就可以了。

二、快速阅读

　　(一)基本概括

　　时间：15分钟

　　字数：1200字左右

　　题目：7个判断，3个填空

　　(二)答题方法：一句话：溜文章找题目

　　溜文章：快速阅读不需要弄懂文章大意，不需要在乎里面的生词，只要根据题目溜文章即可。

　　找题目：在文章中找到相应的地方后，仔细阅读理解进行正确错误判断。

　　注意：NG并不是文章中没有的，而是文章中没有对这个事情做出评判的。

　　新题型：选词填空

　　一、题型分析

　　选词填空是新题型中新增加的一部分阅读理解题目，属于试题第四部分仔细阅读的Section A，分值比例为5%。该题型的考查方式为：从一篇长度为250个单词左右的文章中留出10个单词的空格。要求考生从15个备选单词中选出10个正确的单词填入文章相应处，从而使文章意思通顺，前后连贯，表达正确。备选单词不可重复使用。样卷中的选词填空题主要集中于对实词的考查，具体来说就是动词、名词、形容词和副词四种词性的单词。

　　从选词填空的命题形式来看，该部分考查的词汇理解不是孤立的单词理解，而是处于篇章语境中的词汇理解。因此，仅仅知道每个单词的汉语意思，是绝对不够的，必须要弄清楚整篇文章的来龙去脉才行。考生只有在准确把握诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特性的基础上，结合对每个单词的微观理解，才能正确答题。

　　选词填空强调的是对语篇中词汇的理解，而不是对单个的词汇理解，考生在做题时，应时刻注意对篇章的整体把握和局部分析。从篇章中理解和记忆词汇是词汇学习的较高要求，也是大家学习词汇的正确方向所在。

　　以上内容可总结为：选词填空文章难度小，与快速阅读相当;大约250个单词的一篇文章;时间紧，为5分钟;要求15选1。

　　二、词汇特征

　　选词填空虽然旨在考查考生对篇章中词汇的理解，但是从选项的设置来看，它同时也考查了考生对词汇的语法特性的掌握。下面是样卷中选词填空各种词性选项的分配比例：

动词名词形容词副词

备选项 5 3 5 2

正确选项 3 2 4 1

　　此外，动词还有过去式和原形之分，名词还有单数和复数之分。而对于文章中所给的十个空，往往可以根据前后的单词和句子的语法成分来判断所需填入单词的词性。例如，若空格前有不定冠词a，则空格中肯定要填入一个名词的单数;若句子缺少谓语，那么空格处自然要填入一个动词，同时，若空格后是名词，则应填入及物动词，否则就填入不及物动词。这样一来，选词填空就由表面上的十五选一迅速简化成了四选一、三选一甚至二选一，解题就变得容易多了。

　　由此可见，在平时学习单词得过程中，大家不能仅仅满足于记住单词的汉语意思，而应该要求自己熟练掌握词汇尤其是实词的语法特性，如单词的词性，常见的搭配，名词的可数不可数，动词的及物不及物，形容词用来修饰人还是物，副词是表示状态的还是动作的等等。

　　三、答题方法

　　选词填空的文章在难度上略低于传统的阅读文章，而且要求填入的单词大多都是一般要求的单词，而且对于形近、近义词辨析的考查很少。但是，考生想要答对全部试题也并非易事，因为该题型不单要求完全理解文章的内容，而且要明白这些单词的准确意义、语法特性和用法。而在传统的词汇结构四选一的选择题中，对词汇语法特性的掌握就没有如此高的要求，往往四个选项词性一致，再加上它对近义、形近词的考查是重点，而四级大纲中能够构成近义、形近词的词汇数量是有限的，因此结合所谓的“高频考词”和一些答题技巧，有些题目有“蒙对”的可能性。而在新题型的选词填空中，要从十五个词性、用法各不相同的选项中“蒙”出正确答案，概率就大大降低了。由此可见，新题型中虽然取消了词汇结构题，但是对词汇理解提出了更高的要求。

　　因此，在解答选词填空题时，一定要求科学的方法和步骤，这样才能更快、更好地解答题目。我们将答题方法归纳为：浏览选项标词性;阅读前后猜大意;词性配对寻答案;选出删除结考题。

　　四、对词汇的解释

　　两个基本点：词语搭配和词汇在上下文中的同现复现。在选词填空时，利用这两点可以帮助大家更快更好的选对答案。

　　1. 词语搭配

　　大家在做选词填空题目的时候不免会遇到觉得两个甚至多个单词都可以用的情况，实际上这是考查词汇的搭配，可以分为四种：固定短语、主谓搭配、动宾搭配和修饰搭配。固定短语就是指由动词、名词、形容词和介词或者副词构成的固定词组，例如be interested in, look forward to, have an eye for等。主谓搭配是指由名词加动词构成的搭配，例如“问题出现”就是problems arise，而不会使用rise。动宾搭配是指由动词加名词构成的搭配，例如compare prices就是一个动宾搭配。修饰搭配是指由形容词加名词，名词加名词，或者动词加副词构成的修饰性搭配，平时应多积累，定可以提高做题的速度和效率。例如若空格后为paper，空格中需要填入一个形容词，可以从blank, bare, hollow中进行选择，想都不用想，当然是blank了，因为这几个词对应的修饰搭配分别是blank paper，bare hill， hollow tree，也就是说blank意为“空白的”，bare意为“光秃秃的”，hollow意为“空洞的”，可是如果只记了汉语意思，可能这道题目还是没法做出，或者做得很慢。

　　因此，词语搭配，与其说是一个解题技巧，不如说是一种记忆单词的方法，或者说是大家在记忆单词时应该把握的一个原则。

2. 上下文中词汇同现复现

　　由于语篇本身的逻辑性，在同一语篇中各种相关词汇必会同时出现(同现)或者反复出现(复现)。选词填空是以篇章为基础的，因此可以充分利用这一点来提高做题的速度和效率。词汇同现指有着某种逻辑关系的单词同时出现在同一语篇中，它可以分为同一语义场同现、修饰同现、因果同现和反义同现。例如说到“学校”这个语义场，professor, student, school canteen等单词就会同现，这就是同一语义场同现。词汇复现就是指某一个单词的同义、近义、上义、下义、同源、指代的单词、短语或者句子反复地在文章中出现，来强调这个概念。这些关系都强调对文章上下文的利用。考生务必注意。

2008年6月16日

2008年大学英语新四级考试阅读培训讲义(六)

六、态度题

　　一、提问方式：

　　What is the author’s overall attitude toward xxx?

　　Which of the following best describes the author’s tone in this passage?

　　From the passage, it can be seen that the author ___________.

　　The author’s experience shows that he was _________.

　　What’s the author’s attitude toward xxx?

　　What was the attitude of doctors towards xxx?

　　(表现态度的词是attitude、tone。从考试情况看，一直机率很少，一般二篇阅读理解可能出现一、二次)

　　二、态度题目分类：

　　作者态度(全文态度)：对文中某事的态度;

　　他人态度(局部态度)：他人对文中某事的态度。

　　三、态度词：

　　好(肯定，赞扬，积极，褒义)：positive, supporting, useful, praising, admiring, instructive supportive

　　坏(否定，批评，贬义)：critical, negative, disappointing, questionable concerned serious doubtful

　　客观：objective, matter of fact, describe the case as it is

　　中性词(错误选项)：indifferent, neutral, compromising, disinterested, impassive, confusing, surprising, cautious, subjective, tolerant

　　其他词汇：optimistic, pessimistic, sympathetic, enthusiastic(希望记住拼写)

　　四、答题方法：

　　查找观点，区分好坏，确定客观。【解释：重点是观点的查找，找到则区分好坏或客观，如果没有找到，一定是客观的】如下图所示：

　　五、变体态度：

　　其核心是：态度词+所指对象

　　答题要点：双方皆正确，方为正确选项。(解释：态度词和所指对象一定要有，且相配)